Fisiologia Vegetal.indb

Aula
NUTRIÇÃO MINERAL
DAS PLANTAS
4
META
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OBJETIVOS
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35e5(48,6,726
Conceitos de absorção de água e sais minerais na planta.
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Fisiologia Vegetal
INTRODUÇÃO
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bastante efetivo. Além disso, outros organismos, como os fungos (micorUt]LFRVHDVEDFWpULDVÀ[DGRUDVGHQLWURJrQLRIUHTXHQWHPHQWHFRQWULEXHP
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área do conhecimento busca o entendimento das relações iônicas sob
condições naturais de solo (salinidade, acidez, alcalinidade, presença de
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maior interesse está ligado diretamente à agricultura e à produtividade
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tipicamente, utilizam menos da metade dos fertilizantes aplicados.
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WRUQDUVHÀ[DGRDRVRORRXFRQWULEXLUSDUDDSROXLomRGRDU$VVLP
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GHXWLOL]DomRGHQXWULHQWHVUHGX]LQGRRVFXVWRVGHSURGXomRHFRQWULEXLQGRSDUDHYLWDUSUHMXt]RVDRPHLRDPELHQWH
)HUWLOL]DomR GD WHUUD FRP ILQV DJUtFRODV XWLOL]DQGR FRPSRVWRV
orgânicos (Fonte: http://www.guiasjp.com).
34
Nutrição mineral das plantas
SOLO
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TXHYHPGHVGHRVSULPyUGLRVGDDJULFXOWXUD'HIDWRDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDV
HTXtPLFDVGRVVRORVFRQGLFLRQDPRFUHVFLPHQWRYHJHWDODRID]HUYDULDU
DFDSDFLGDGHGHUHWHQomRGHiJXDDVROXELOLGDGHGRVHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDLV
DVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVPLQHUDLVHELRTXtPLFDVDOL[LYLDomRGRVQXWULHQWHVHR
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Aula
4
$XWRWUy¿FRV
É o nome dado à
qualidade do ser
vivo de produzir
seu próprio alimento.
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ELEMENTOS ESSENCIAIS
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quantidades, variáveis conforme a espécie e o estado de desenvolvimento.
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35
Fisiologia Vegetal
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quantidades traços, associado ao desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo
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de essencialidade.
Para um elemento ser considerado essencial, deve satisfazer a três
critérios básicos:
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do elemento mineral.
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elemento mineral.
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SODQWDRXVHUUHTXHULGRQXPDGHWHUPLQDGDHWDSDPHWDEyOLFD
$VSODQWDVVXSHULRUHVUHTXHUHPDOpPGR&+H2WUH]HHOHPHQWRVTXH
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HP PDLRUHV TXDQWLGDGHV VmR FKDPDGRV 0$&521875,(17(6 1 3
.&D6H0J2VVHWHRXWURVUHTXHULGRVHPEDL[DVFRQFHQWUDo}HVVmR
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para plantas superiores e inferiores.
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&RPSHQVDPRXHOLPLQDPRVHIHLWRVWy[LFRVGHRXWURV([2$OHP
FRQFHQWUDomRDEDL[RGHSSPSRGHUHGX]LURXHOLPLQDUHIHLWRVWy[LFRV
GH&X0QH3
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HVSHFtÀFDV([21DSRGHVDWLVID]HUSDUWHGDIXQomRRVPyWLFDGR.
6mRHVVHQFLDLVDSHQDVSDUDDOJXPDVHVSpFLHV([21DpHVVHQFLDOSDUD
DKDOyÀWDAtriplex vesicaria.
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como luz, água e gás carbônico constituem a matéria prima que a maquinaria biossintética da célula utiliza para crescer e se desenvolver. Embora
36
Nutrição mineral das plantas
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além de serem componentes das moléculas essenciais, constituem estruturas
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RVPyWLFRWUDQVSRUWHGHHOpWURQVVLVWHPDWDPSmRGRSURWRSODVPDHFRQWUROH
de permeabilidade etc.
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IXQo}HV SHOR TXH D FDUrQFLD H R H[FHVVRHVWmRUHODFLRQDGRVFRPVLQWRPDV
YLVtYHLVTXHSRUVXDYH]HVWmRUHODFLRQDGRVFRPDVXDPRELOLGDGHHIXQomR
2VVLQWRPDVPDLVFRPXQVRFRUUHPDRQtYHOGDIRUPDomRGRVQyVGDLQVHUomR
foliar, do crescimento vegetal, do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular (cor,
grau de desenvolvimento) e das folhas que, se apresentarem manchas amarelas,
têm clorose e, se apresentarem manchas negras, têm necrose.
Aula
4
FUNÇÕES DOS MINERAIS NAS PLANTAS
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21LWURJrQLR1HQWUDSULQFLSDOPHQWHQDFRQVWLWXLomRGHFRPSRVWRV
RUJkQLFRVVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHPyYHO(PH[FHVVRSURYRFDXPFUHVFLmento vegetal acelerado, originando folhas de cor verde-escura, ocorre
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o ciclo de vida é encurtado. A carência de nitrogênio reduz o crescimento
IROLDUSURYRFDDFORURVHIROLDU2VUDPRVFDXOLQDUHVÀFDPS~USXUDVRX
vermelhos, localizando-se inicialmente os sintomas em partes velhas da
planta.
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HVSHFLDOPHQWH$73HIRVIROtSLGRVVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHPyYHO$FDUrQFLDGH
IyVIRURUHGX]RFUHVFLPHQWRFDXOLQDUHUDGLFXODUHSURYRFDRDSDUHFLPHQWR
GHiUHDVQHFUyWLFDVQDVIROKDVHSHFtRORVDVFpOXODVGHL[DUmRGHID]HURVHX
PHWDEROLVPRHPRUUHUmR$VIROKDVMRYHQVWrPWHQGrQFLDSDUDHVFXUHFHURX
ÀFDUYHUGHD]XODGDVHQTXDQWRTXHDVPDLVYHOKDVÀFDPYHUPHOKDV1XPD
fase inicial, os sintomas acentuam-se nas partes mais velhas da planta.
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YLWDPLQDVHHQ]LPDVVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHLPyYHO1mRVHFRQKHFHVLQWRPDWRORJLDSDUDRVHXH[FHVVR$FDUrQFLDGHHQ[RIUHUHGX]RFUHVFLPHQWR
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nas zonas mais jovens da planta.
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PHULVWHPiWLFDVVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHLPyYHO(PH[FHVVRDOWHUDRULWPRGD
GLYLVmRFHOXODU$FDUrQFLDGHFiOFLRRULJLQDPDOIRUPDo}HVQDVIROKDVMRYHQV
FXUYDPHQWRGRViSLFHVFORURVHPDUJLQDOTXHSURJULGHSDUDQHFURVHUHGXomR
GRFUHVFLPHQWRUDGLFXODUHPXGDQoDGDFRORUDomRGDVUDt]HVSDUDFDVWDQKR
37
Fisiologia Vegetal
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de cofatores enzimáticos, sendo essencial ao funcionamento dos ribossomas.
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de cálcio e potássio. A carência de magnésio provoca cloroses intervenais,
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,QLFLDOPHQWHRVVLQWRPDVDFHQWXDPVHQDV]RQDVPDLVYHOKDVGDVSODQWDV
23RWiVVLR.pXPUHJXODGRURVPyWLFRQHFHVViULRjDWLYLGDGHHQ]LPiWLFDHjVtQWHVHSURWHLFDVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHPyYHO1mRVHFRQKHFHVLQWRPDWRORJLDSDUDRVHXH[FHVVR$FDUrQFLDGHSRWiVVLRSURYRFDXPFUHVFLPHQWR
YHJHWDOPXLWRUHGX]LGRFORURVHPDWL]DGDGDIROKDPDQFKDVQHFUyWLFDVIROKDV
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,QLFLDOPHQWHRVVLQWRPDVDFHQWXDPVHQDV]RQDVPDLVYHOKDVGDVSODQWDV
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VmRHQFRQWUDGRVHGHQRPLQDGRVFRPRPDFURQXWULHQWHVVHFXQGiULRV
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carência de cobre altera a tonalidade das folhas, tornando-as verde-azuladas
e enroladas onde aparecem cloroses intervenais e necroses.
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carência de manganês provoca clorose intervenal nas zonas mais jovens,
enrolamento e queda de folhas.
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1mRVHFRQKHFHVLQWRPDWRORJLDSDUDRVHXH[FHVVR$FDUrQFLDGH]LQFR
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LQWHUIHULQGRFRPDIUXWLÀFDomR
2%RUR%pXPUHJXODGRUGHPHWDEROLVPRQHFHVViULRjWUDQVORFDomR
GHDo~FDUHVVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHLPyYHO1mRVHFRQKHFHVLQWRPDWRORJLD
SDUDRVHXH[FHVVR$FDUrQFLDGHERURDIHWDRVyUJmRVGHUHVHUYD
2&ORUR&OpQHFHVViULRjIRWRVVtQWHVHVHQGRXPQXWULHQWHPyYHO(P
H[FHVVRSURYRFDFORURVHHQHFURVHIROLDU$FDUrQFLDGHFORURUHGX]RFUHVFLmento vegetal em mais de 50 % e provoca o aparecimento de folhas murchas.
38
Nutrição mineral das plantas
CONCLUSÃO
Aula
4
A terra é formada de 90 elementos de ocorrência natural, sendo os mais
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QRVRORVREDIRUPDGHPLQHUDLVHXWLOL]DGRVSHODVSODQWDVSDUDUHDOL]DomRGR
seu metabolismo. Sabe-se que as plantas superiores requerem um total de
16 elementos para seu crescimento normal. Destes, o carbono, o hidrogênio
HRR[LJrQLRSURYrPGRDUHGDiJXD2UHVWDQWHpDEVRUYLGRSHODVUDt]HVVRE
DIRUPDGHtRQV(VWHVHOHPHQWRVVmRFODVVLÀFDGRVHPPDFURQXWULHQWHVH
PLFURQXWULHQWHV2VHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDLVGHVHPSHQKDPQXPHURVDVIXQo}HV
importantes nas células. Regulam a osmose e afetam a permeabilidade celular.
Alguns servem como receptores de elétrons, como componentes estruturais
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ponentes estruturais de enzima.
RESUMO
Nesta aula você pode observar que as plantas utilizam diversos minerais
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HjVHLYDHODERUDGDQDIRUPDomRGRVFRPSRQHQWHVFHOXODUHV
2VQXWULHQWHVPLQHUDLVVmRDGTXLULGRVSULPDULDPHQWHQDIRUPDGHtRQV
inorgânicos e entram na biosfera, predominantemente, através do sistema
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GDGHSDUDDEVRUYHUtRQVLQRUJkQLFRVHPEDL[DVFRQFHQWUDo}HVQDVROXomRGR
VRORWRUQDPDDEVRUomRPLQHUDOSHODSODQWDXPSURFHVVREDVWDQWHHIHWLYR
$VFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDVHTXtPLFDVGRVVRORVFRQGLFLRQDPRFUHVFLPHQ
WRYHJHWDODRID]HUYDULDUDFDSDFLGDGHGHUHWHQomRGHiJXDDVROXELOLGDGHGRV
HOHPHQWRVPLQHUDLVDVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVPLQHUDLVHELRTXtPLFDVDOL[LYLDomR
GRVQXWULHQWHVHRS+2VRORpLPSRUWDQWHSDUDRFUHVFLPHQWRYHJHWDOSRLV
supre as plantas com fatores de crescimento, permite o desenvolvimento
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iJXDHDUQDVVXSHUItFLHVUDGLFXODUHV
2VQXWULHQWHVHVVHQFLDLVVmRUHTXHULGRVSHODVSODQWDVHPGHWHUPL
nadas quantidades, variáveis conforme a espécie e o estado de desenvolvimento. Esses elementos encontram-se nos solos em diferentes combiQDo}HVTXtPLFDVVHQGRVyDOJXPDVGHVVDVSDVVtYHLVGHVHUHPDEVRUYLGDV
pelas plantas.
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PLQDGRVPDFURQXWULHQWHVHRVTXHVmRH[LJLGRVHPEDL[DVFRQFHWUDo}HV
denomina-se micronutrientes.
39
Fisiologia Vegetal
ATIVIDADES
1. Descreva a origem dos elementos minerais.
COMENTÁRIO SOBRE A ATIVIDADE
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PRÓXIMA AULA
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AUTOAVALIAÇÃO
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2TXHVmRHOHPHQWRVHVVHQFLDLV"
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4XDORVHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDOLVTXHQmRpREWLGRDSDUWLUGRVROR"
REFERÊNCIAS
)(55(,5$/*5Fisiologia vegetal: UHODo}HVKtGULFDVHG)RUWDOH]D
(GLo}HV8)&
+23.,16:*Introduction to plant physiologyHG1HZ<RUN
-RKQ:LOH\6RQV,QF
3859(6:.HWDOVida: a ciência da biologia. 6 ed. Porto Alegre: ArtPHG
5$9(13+(9(575)(,&++2516(Biologia vegetal. 6 ed.
5LRGH-DQHLUR*XDQDEDUD.RRJDQ
7$,=/=(,*(5(Fisiologia VegetalHG(GLWRUD$UWPHG
40