Como aprender inglês? Como aprender a gramática? Como
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DCC851 Tópicos Especiais de Ciência da Computação Elaboração e Apresentação de Artigos Científicos Como aprender inglês? Como aprender a gramática? REVISÃO GRAMATICAL Mirella M. Moro Clodoveu, Fernando, Gisele, Luiz F., Thiago 2 Como estudar Gramática Como estudar Gramática da língua inglesa? • Lendo textos em inglês (.com) – CNN, nytimes, rollingstone (BBC.co.uk …) • Ouvindo músicas em inglês – Próximo slide • • • • Assistindo programas de TV em inglês Assistindo filmes em inglês (captions) Comprando livros (ou pedindo emprestado) Internet veja página da disciplina 3 4 Como estudar Gramática http://www.musicalenglishlessons.org/music-index.htm#m5 • • • • • • I'm broke but I'm happy I'm poor but I'm kind Nothing compares to you Wish you were here If I could, you know I would There must be an angel playing with my heart I hope the ring you gave to her turns her finger green … Never again will I hear you Never again will I miss you Never again will I fall to you Never • ‘cause I can’t help falling in love with you • I have climbed highest mountain I have run through the fields Only to be with you • Ouvindo músicas em inglês????? Prestando atenção à letra! lyricstime.com BEATLES • In the town where I was born Lived a man who sailed to sea • There's nothing you can do that can't be done Nothing you can sing that can't be sung • When I get older losing my hair, Many years from now. Will you still be sending me a valentine? • When I find myself in times of trouble Mother Mary comes to me Speaking words of wisdom, let it be. 5 6 Revisão Gramatical Sujeito Sujeito indispensável TRÊS VILÕES • Sujeito, advérbio, verbo, objeto • Pronomes Relativos • Concordância Verbal Sujeito oculto, indeterminado, inexistente IT ou THERE + BE • • • • • • • São duas horas Choveu Logo estará chovendo Foram 10km de distância Estava muito quente Não há problema Há muitas alternativas • • • • • • • It is 2 o’clock It rained Soon it will be raining It was 150km away It was quite hot There is no problem There are several alternatives 7 8 Sujeito Sujeito e ordem Antes do verbo • Aconteceu um desastre • Apareceu uma nova solução • A disaster has happened • A new solution has come up Voz passiva • Espera-se um aumento de desempenho • Vendem-se livros usados • Devem-se trancar todas as portas • An increase in performance is expected • Used books for sale • All doors must be locked Sujeito + verbo + objeto Sujeito + verbo + lugar + tempo • • • I like movies Did you see your friends yesterday? Everybody enjoyed the party very much • • • • Tom walks to work every morning She has been in Canada since April We arrived at the airport early On Monday I’m going to Paris 9 10 Sujeito, advérbio, verbo Pronomes Relativos Função RESTRITIVA: necessário, identifica o substantivo Função EXPLICATIVA: adicional, complementa o substantivo entre vírgulas • Advérbios no meio (entre sujeito e verbo): always, also, probably, almost – Tom always goes to work by car – Your car has probably been stolen • • • • • The person who/that wrote that letter is gone Mary, who/that wrote that letter, is gone This is James, from whom we bought it This is James, who we bought it from We cannot sell the house to a person whose bank account is empty • This is the new computer, whose screen was on sale • Come to meet me after class, when I will have time • Se o verbo é só uma palavra, advérbio vai no meio – I almost fell as I was going down the stairs • Advérbio sempre depois de am, is, are, was, were – You’re never on time • Se o verbo tem mais de uma palavra, o advérbio vai depois do primeiro verbo – I can never remember his name – Ann doesn’t usually smoke 11 12 Pronomes Relativos Pronomes Relativos • Pessoa WHO verbo • Pessoa WHOM não verbo • Animal/objeto WHICH verbo • Animal/objeto WHICH pronome • Animal/objeto WHICH nome • Substantivo WHOSE substantivo • Local WHERE informação • Tempo/Data WHEN informação THAT = WHO, WHOM, WHICH • That: quem, quem, o qual, os quais – Pessoas, situações, seres inanimados • Who/Whom: quem, o qual, os quais – Pessoas • Which: que, o qual, os quais, no qual, do qual – Situações, seres inanimados • Whose: cujo, do qual, dos quais – posses • Where: no qual, onde – lugar • When: quando – tempo 13 14 Pronomes Relativos Concordância Verbal • Pronomes indefinidos no singular • WHOM, WHICH = objetos de preposição, devem vir depois dela – – – – – – The solution about which we disagreed will finally be implemented – The solution that we disagreed about will finally be implemented • Situação sempre requer WHICH Each, another, either, neither, little, much Pronomes iniciados por any, no, some, every Little is happening because neither of them is here Everybody is coming, but no one is drinking wine Each student is responsible for his homework • Verbo concorda com substantivo mais próximo – Nobody replied to our email, which is really strange • Pronome pode ser omitido quando existe sujeito – The project (that) you were talking about was rejected – Either/or, neither/nor – Neither the letter nor the email is ready – Either Mary or her children are ready 15 Concordância Verbal MATERIAL EXTRA • Pronomes indefinidos no plural • NAPÁGINA – Both, several, few, many, most, others – Both Mary and John are good students – Several algorithms perform better than this one – English Grammar Cheat Sheet – Revisão de Preposições, Phrasal Verbs, Conjunções PDF Exercícios – Guide to Grammar and Style, Jack Lynch • Pronomes indefinidos com sentido singular e plural, dependendo do substantivo a que se referem – – – – – 16 Any, more, some, enough, all, most, who, half, none All the orders have been processed All equipment needs updating Most of the computers are on that room Most of the staff wants a raise 17 18 MATERIAL EXTRA MATERIAL EXTRA Revisão de Preposições, Phrasal Verbs, Conjunções • Prepositions – – – – – English Grammar Cheat Sheet – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – A, An, The Pronomes relativos Quantitativo (much, less…) Frases condicionais (if) Graus de adjetivos Concordância verbal Gerúndio Infinitivo Such, other(s) At, On, In There to be Modais Conjunções Plural Similar sound, different words Apostrophe confusions Common mistakes • The meaning of prepositions EXERCÍCIOS Prepositions used in idioms COM RESPOSTAS Nouns followed by prepositions Adjectives and verbs in the passive voice followed by prepositions Verbs followed by prepositions Phrasal verbs – – – – Consisting of a verb followed by a preposition Consisting of a verb followed by an adverb Distinguishing between verbs followed by prepositions and verbs followed by adverbs Consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition – consisting of a verb followed by an adverb followed by a preposition • Conjunctions – – – – – 19 Coordinate conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Connecting adverbs Parallel construction 20
